Clinical practice guide for the choice of perioperative volume-restoring fluid in adult patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

The present Clinical practice guide responds to the clinical questions about security in the choice of fluid (crystalloid, colloid or hydroxyethyl starch 130) in patients who require volume replacement during perioperative period of non-cardiac surgeries. From the evidence summary, recommendations were made following the GRADE methodology. In this population fluid therapy based on crystalloids is suggested (weak recommendation, low quality evidence). In the events where volume replacement is not reached with crystalloids, the use of synthetic colloids (hydroxyethyl starch 130 or modified fluid gelatin) is suggested instead of 5% albumin (weak recommendation, low quality evidence). The choice and dosage of the colloid should be based in the product characteristics, patient comorbidity and anesthesiologist's experience.

[Migration of a stent implanted in the pulmonary artery of a patient with tetralogy of Fallot]. / Migración de stent implantado en la arteria pulmonar en un paciente con tetralogía de Fallot.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease that accounts for 11-13% of the congenital cardiomyopathies. Stenosis and hyperplasia of the pulmonary arteries occur in a high proportion of them as this disease causes a native stenosis of the pulmonary branch, which can be surgically repaired with a stent. The use of balloon expandable intravascular stents is an alternative technique to further surgery in patients with congenital heart diseases. However, despite the gradual increase in their use, the limited number of procedures, combined with the wide anatomical variability and different characteristics of these patients, even in expert hands, stent implants are associated with a not inconsiderable incidence of complications. These are not always obvious and often require performing surgery in patients who have already had multiple interventions, thus increasing the complexity and the risk.

[Immune response during laparoscopic and open living donor nephrectomy. An experimental pig model]. / Respuesta inmunohumoral durante la nefrectomía abierta y laparoscópica de donante vivo. Modelo porcino experimental.

INTRODUCTION: It's been demonstrated laparoscopic access determines a lower surgical stress, by measurement of several markers as different interleuquines (IL) or C-reactive protein (CRP). Endothelin 1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor produced in renal endothelium scarcely studied in laparoscopy. The objective of this study is to analyze immune response during laparoscopic and open donor nephrectomy, in a porcine experimental model by means of measuring IL-2, 10, tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), CRP and ET-1. METHODS: Twenty pigs underwent left nephrectomy, 10 by laparoscopy and 10 by open approach in an experimental model. Both groups were monitorized IL-2, 10, TNF alpha, ET-1 at basal, immediately post surgery, first, third, fifth and seventh days after procedure. RESULTS: The comparative analysis between groups demonstrated a significant increase in levels of CRP (1.44+/-0.88 vs 1.32+/-0.14 mg/dl, p=0.046), TNF alpha (131.14+/-41.37 vs 57.19+/-23.71 pg/ml, p>0.001) and ET-1 (0.91+/-0.49 vs 0.56+/-0.5 fmol/ml, p=0.001) of open nephrectomy group, as a higher levels of IL-2 in laparoscopic group. CONCLUSIONS: Open donor nephrectomy determines a higher immune response than laparoscopic approach. The importance of this fact over the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome or the immediate function of graft is not clearly established.

[Experimental models for research and training in renal transplant]. / Modelos experimentales para la investigación y el entrenamiento en trasplante renal.

An update on aspects and use of different experimental models applied in kidney transplant research is presented . This paper includes qualities, as long as similarities between most frequently used animal models and human clinical standards. Contributions of those models based on microsurgical or laparoscopic techniques are revised. The physiological consequences (hemodynamic, immunologic) of surgical technique (laparoscopy), applied in experimental models as long as non-heart beating organ donor models and organ preservation methods are also reviewed. Finally, an update of those models applied in research in prothocols of either immunosupression or xenotransplant is done.

Respuesta inmunohumoral durante la nefrectomía abierta y laparoscópica de donante vivo. Modelo porcino experimental / Immune response during laparoscopic and open living donor nephrectomy. An experimental pig model

Introducción: Se ha demostrado la menor agresividad quirúrgica provocada por el abordaje laparoscópico, en base a la medición de diversos marcadores de estrés postquirúrgico, entre los que se encuentran distintas interleuquinas (IL) y la proteína C reactiva (PCR). La endotelina 1 (ET-1) es un vasoconstrictor potente producido en el endotelio renal escasamente analizado en el curso de la cirugía laparoscópica. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar comparativamente la respuesta inmunohumoral inducida por las nefrectomías laparoscópica y abierta en un modelo experimental porcino, en base a la cuantificación de la PCR, las IL-2, 10, el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF alfa), y la ET-1.Material y métodos: Se analizan comparativamente dos grupos de cerdos de 25-40 Kg, un grupo CONTROL (N=10) y grupo LAPAROSCÓPICO (N=10), a los que se les realiza una nefrectomía abierta o laparoscópica respectivamente. Se determinó en sangre venosa periférica los niveles de PCR, IL-2, IL-10, TNF α y ET-1. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron en los momentos: basal, postcirugía, 1, 3, 5, y 7 días postquirúrgico. Resultados: El análisis comparativo de ambos grupos demuestra un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la PCR(1,44+ 0,88 vs 1,32 + 0,14 mg/dl, p=0,046), TNF α (131,14 + 41,37 vs 57,19 + 23,71 pg/ml, p>0,001) y ET-1 (0,91 + 0,49vs 0,56 + 0,5 fmol/ml, p=0,001) del grupo abierto en comparación con el grupo control, así como una elevación de la IL-2 en el grupo laparoscópico. Conclusiones: La respuesta inmunohumoral inducida por la nefrectomía abierta es superior a la de la nefrectomía laparoscópica en el curso de la donación. La importancia de este hecho en el síndrome isquemia reperfusión o la función inmediata del injerto no está claramente establecida (AU)

Introduction: It’s been demonstrated laparoscopic access determines a lower surgical stress, by measurement of several markers as different interleuquines (IL) or C- reactive protein (CRP). Endothelin 1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor produced in renal endothelium scarcely studied in laparoscopy. The objective of this study is to analyze immune response during laparoscopic and open donor nephrectomy, in a porcine experimental model by means of measuring IL-2,10, tumoral necrosis factor α (TNFα), CRP and ET-1.Methods: Twenty pigs underwent left nephrectomy, 10 by laparoscopy and 10 by open approach in an experimental model. Both groups were monitorized IL-2, 10, TNF α, ET-1 at basal, immediately post surgery, first, third, fifth and seventh days after procedure. Results: The comparative analysis between groups demonstrated a significant increase in levels of CRP (1,44 + 0,88vs 1,32 + 0,14 mg/dl, p=0,046), TNF α (131,14 + 41,37 vs 57,19 + 23,71 pg/ml, p>0,001) and ET-1 (0,91 + 0,49 vs 0,56+ 0,5 fmol/ml, p=0,001) of open nephrectomy group, as a higher levels of IL-2 in laparoscopic group. Conclusions: Open donor nephrectomy determines a higher immune response than laparoscopic approach. The importance of this fact over the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome or the immediate function of graft is not clearly established (AU)

Modelos experimentales para la investigación y el entrenamiento en trasplante renal / Experimental models for research and training in renal transplant

Introducción y objetivos: Se presenta una revisión sobre las diferentes características y el uso de los distintos modelos experimentales utilizados para el trasplante renal (TR). Esta revisión incluye las cualidades, así como sus semejanzas a los humanos, de las especies más frecuentemente utilizadas. Se revisan las aportaciones de los diferentes modelos al entrenamiento de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas como la laparoscopia o la microcirugía. Se repasan sus contribuciones al estudio y la investigación en campos como los efectos hemodinámicos o inmunológicos del neumoperitoneo, las técnicas de donante a corazón parado o las diferentes formas de preservación de los injertos. Por último, se realiza una revisión de los diferentes modelos utilizados para la investigación de los distintos protocolos de inmunosupresión así como el xenotrasplante

Introduction and objetives: An update on aspects and use of different experimental models applied in kidney transplant research is presented . This paper includes qualities, as long as similarities between most frequently used animal models and human clinical standards. Contributions of those models based on microsurgical or laparoscopic techniques are revised. The physiological consequences (hemodynamic, immunologic) of surgical technique (laparoscopy), applied in experimental models as long as non-heart beating organ donor models and organ preservation methods are also reviewed. Finally, an update of those models applied in research in prothocols of either immunosupression or xenotransplant is done

[Modification of the hemodynamic parameters and peripheral vascular flow in a porcine experimental of model of laparoscopic nephrectomy]. / Modificaciones de los parámetros hemodinámicos y de los distintos flujos vasculares periféricos en modelo experimental porcino de nefrectomía laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that abdominal high-pressure and the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum induce changes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, attributable to two factors: changes of the cardiac output (CO) and hypercarbia. Other modifications derived from these facts include changes of the systemic vascular resistances (SVR), blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), vascular changes like modifications of the renal blood flow (RBF), carotid flow (CF), portal flow, and hepatic artery flow (HAF). Our objective is to analyze the hemodynamic modifications induced by pneumoperitoneum on renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow in a porcine experimental model. METHODS: We compared two groups of pigs: CONTROL group (n = 10) and LAPAROSCOPIC group (n = 10), undergoing open or laparoscopic nephrectomy respectively. In every case, catheters were inserted into the right external jugular vein and femoral artery and cardiac output, CVP, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistances (calculated as RVS = (BP/CVP)x 80/CO); these measurements were taken at the following times: baseline, 5, 30, 60 min. and postoperatively. Renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow were registered by means of an electromagnetic probe around the vessel 30 minutes after the start of surgery. RESULTS: Comparative analysis shows: an increase of cardiac output in the laparoscopic group, the difference which was maximal at 30 minutes (4.33 + 0.73 vs. 8 .54 + 1.26 l/min., p < 0.,001); a descent of the systemic vascular resistances (1118.81 + 302.52 vs. 663.37 + 81.45 dynes .s.cm5, p < 0.001) and an increase of blood pressure (66.5 + 11.52 vs. 80.25 + 2.49 mm Hg in the laparoscopic group. Flow analysis showed an increase of the carotid artery flow (125.73 + 41.69 vs. 291.7 + 51.52 ml/min., p < 0.001) and a decrease of portal flow (973.67 + 131.70 vs. 546.83 + 217.53 ml/min., p = 0.001) and hepatic artery flow (278.00 + 94.71 vs. 133.33 + 112.32 ml/min., p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic group. There were no significant differences in renal blood flow with the volume expansion used. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy conditions an increase of carotid flow, probably secondary to the increase of cardiac output, and also a diminishment of hepatic perfusion, both arterial and portal. Nevertheless, volume expansion and the limitation of intra-abdominal pressure to 12 mm Hg enable to maintain similar renal blood flow in both groups.

Modificaciones de los parámetros hemodinámicos y de los distintos flujos vasculares periféricos en modelo experimental porcino de nefrectomía laparoscópica / Modification of the hemodynamic parameters and peripheral vascular flow in a porcine experimental of model of laparoscopic nephrectomy

Objetivo: Se ha demostrado que la hiperpresión abdominal y la utilización del neumoperitoneo con CO2, provocan cambios en los aparatos cardiovascular y respiratorio, atribuibles a dos factores: alteraciones en el gasto cardiaco (GC) e hipercarbia. Otras alteraciones derivadas de estos hechos son los cambios en las resistencias vasculares sistémicas (RVS), la tensión arterial (TA), la presión venosa central (PVC), cambios vasculares como las alteraciones en el flujo sanguíneo renal (FSR), flujo carotídeo (FAC), flujo portal (FP) y flujo de la arteria hepática (FAH). Nuestro objetivo es analizar las modificaciones hemodinámicas producidas por el neumoperitoneo sobre los FSR, FC, FP y FAH en modelo experimental porcino. Métodos: Se analizan comparativamente dos grupos de cerdos, un grupo CONTROL (N=10) y grupo LAPAROSCÓPICO (N=10), a los que se les realiza una nefrectomía abierta o laparoscópica respectivamente. En ambos grupos se canaliza la vena yugular externa derecha y la arteria femoral y se monitoriza el GC, la PVC, la TA, las RVS (calculada mediante la fórmula RVS=(TA-PVC)*80/GC); estas determinaciones se realizan en los momentos: basal, 5, 30, 60 minutos y postcirugía. Mediante sonda electromagnética alrededor del vaso, se registran los FSR, FC, FP y FAH a los 30 minutos de iniciada la intervención quirúrgica. Resultados: El análisis comparativo de ambos grupos demuestra un aumento del GC en el grupo laparoscópico, cuya diferencia fue máxima a los 30 minutos (4,33 + 0,73 vs 8,54 + 1,26 l/min, p< 0,001); un descenso de las RVS (1118,81 + 302,52 vs 663,37 + 81,45 dinas x s x cm-5 p< 0,001) y un aumento de la TA del grupo laparoscópico (66,5 + 11,52 vs 80,25 + 2,49 mm Hg, p= 0,004). El análisis de los flujos demostró un aumento del FAC (125,73 + 41,69 vs 291,70 + 51,52 ml/min, p<0,001) y una disminución del FP (973,67+ 131,70 vs 546,83+ 217,53 ml/min, p= 0,001) y del FAH (278,00 + 94,71 vs 133,33+112,32 ml/min, p=0,03) en el grupo laparoscópico. No existieron diferencias significativas en el FSR con la expansión de la volemia utilizada. Conclusiones: La nefrectomia laparoscópica condiciona un aumento del FC, posiblemente secundario al aumento del gasto cardiaco, así como un descenso de la perfusión hepática, tanto arterial como portal. Sin embargo, la expansión de la volemia y la reducción de la PIA a 12 mmHg permiten mantener el FSR semejante en ambos grupos (AU)

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that abdominal high-pressure and the use of C02 pneumoperitoneum induce changes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, attributable to two factors: changes of the cardiac output(CO) and hypercarbia. Other modifications derived from these facts include changes of the systemic vascular resistances (SVR), blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), vascular changes like modifications of the renal blood flow (RBF), carotid flow (CF), portal flow, and hepatic artery flow (HAF). Our objective is to analyze the hemodynamic modifications induced by pneumoperitoneum on renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow in a porcine experimental model. Methods: We compared two groups of pigs: CONTROL group (n = 10) and LAPAROSCOPIC group (n = 10), undergoing open or laparoscopic nephrectomy respectively. In every case, catheters were inserted into the right external jugular vein and femoral artery and cardiac output, CVP, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistances (calculated as RVS = (BP/CVP)x 80/CO); these measurements were taken at the following times: baseline, 5, 30, 60 min. and postoperatively. Renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow were registered by means of an electromagnetic probe around the vessel 30 minutes after the start of surgery. Results: Comparative analysis shows: an increase of cardiac output in the laparoscopic group, the difference which was maximal at 30 minutes (4.33 + 0.73 vs. 8 .54+ 1.26 l/min., p < 0,001); a descent of the systemic vascular resistances (1118.81+ 302.52 vs. 663.37+ 81.45 dynes .s.cm5, p < 0.001) and an increase of blood pressure (66.5+ 11.52 vs. 80.25+ 2.49 mm Hg in the laparoscopic group. Flow analysis showed an increase of the carotid artery flow (125.73+ 41.69 vs. 291.7+ 51.52 ml/min., p < 0.001) and a decrease of portal flow (973.67+ 131.70 vs. 546.83+ 217.53 ml/min., p = 0.001) and hepatic artery flow (278.00+ 94.71 vs. 133.33+ 112.32 ml/min., p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic group. There were no significant differences in renal blood flow with the volume expansion used. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy conditions an increase of carotid flow, probably secondary to the increase of cardiac output, and also a diminishment of hepatic perfusion, both arterial and portal. Nevertheless, volume expansion and the limitation of intra-abdominal pressure to 12 mm Hg enable to maintain similar renal blood flow in both groups (AU)

Reposición de la volemia durante la anestesia. Coloides, cristaloides / Volume rseplacement during anesthesia: colloides and crystalloids

No disponible

[The use of propofol in carotid surgery]. / Utilización del propofol en cirugía carotídea.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two anesthetic techniques in carotid surgery. The first technique was propofol in continuous perfusion throughout the procedure (group A) and the other used etomidate for anesthetic induction and isoflurane for maintenance (group B). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients were assigned randomly either to group A (n = 23) to receive propofol in continuous perfusion for induction (0.8-1 mg/kg) and for maintenance (4-6 mg/kg/h) or to group B (n = 25) to receive etomidate (0.25 mg/kg) for induction and isoflurane 0.6-0.8% for maintenance. Ventilation was maintained with O2/N2O. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP and DAP) and heart rate were measured at baseline, during induction (minutes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10), immediately before and 1 minute after interruption of carotid flow, once flow had been released and after extubation. Other variables recorded were time until awakening and extubation, presence of pain, degree of well-being, need for analgesics and vasodilators, perioperative complications and time until hospital release. RESULTS: The variations in hemodynamic parameters during induction and during maintenance were similar for both techniques. Orotracheal intubation increased SAP in both groups. Time until eye opening and awakening were shorter in group A but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of propofol for induction and maintenance during carotid surgery was as safe as conventional anesthetic technique with etomidate and isoflurane.

[Diaphragmatic paralysis after the catheterization of the internal jugular vein]. / Parálisis diafragmática post cateterización de la vena yugular interna.

The complications derived from the puncture and catheterization of the veins of the neck, cause symptoms and signs on physical examination which facilitate their diagnosis. The phrenic paralysis which we present, is characterized by few accompanying symptoms, with the elevation of the hemidiaphragm being a radiological finding. The suspicion is confirmed by fluoroscopy. We reviewed the mechanisms, the cases described in the literature, and the possible risk factors.

[Effects of postoperative pain on lung volume in patients undergoing aortic surgery]. / Repercusión del dolor postoperatorio sobre los volúmenes pulmonares en pacientes sometidos a cirugía aórtica.

To evaluate the potential advantages of the administration of extradural morphine to control postoperative pain and its effects on respiratory function, 39 patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups before aortic surgery. The first group (20 patients) received intravenous analgesia as required (control group). The second group (19 patients) received extradural morphine in a programmed fashion. During the immediate postoperative period the following parameters were measured in both groups: respiratory rate, vital capacity, peak expiratory volume in the first second, PaO2, PaCO2, arterial pH, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In the group treated with morphine the postoperative increase in heart and respiratory rate was significantly smaller than in the control group (p less than 0.01). Postoperative forced pulmonary volumes were higher in the morphine group (p less than 0.01). However, there were no differences in time of hospitalization between both groups. There were more complications in the control group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

[Predictive value of the APACHE and TISS indices on the postoperative morbidity in vascular surgery]. / Valor predictivo de los índices APACHE y TISS sobre la morbilidad postoperatoria en cirugía vascular.

The predictive value of age, weight, APACHE score (preoperative and 48 hours after surgery), and TISS index (24 and 48 hours after surgery) on morbidity has been studied on a group of 101 patients undergoing diverse vascular surgical procedures, with a complication rate of 47%. The 48 hour after surgery TISS alone, could correctly predict the postoperative course in 78% of the cases. This index, combined with the preoperative APACHE score, adequately predicted the course in 79% of the patients. When the 48 hour postoperative APACHE score was added to these two, the prediction was correct in 80%. A discriminant function including both APACHE scores, the 24 hour postoperative TISS, and age allows a proper classification in 81% of the cases. When the same criteria were used in another group of 56 patients--with 38% of postoperative complications--the results obtained showed no statistically significant difference. We conclude that both, the bayesian criterium, and the discriminant function can successfully be used for the prediction of the postoperative morbidity in vascular surgery.